• Patients referred for echocardiographic assessment of severe valvular disease and who are referred for valvular surgery. 

Adult

• Patients at ages 18 to 99 years old.
• Individuals diagnosed with IBD using standard clinical, endoscopic, radiological and histological criteria.
• Individuals without IBD: these individuals may include ethnically, gender and/or age matched control subjects; or environmental controls with no known personal or family history of IBD (may include eligible spouses and friends of study patients with IBD).
• Family members of individuals with IBD.
• Patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery at Mayo Clinic for IBD or non-IBD indications.
• Patients with or without IBD having lower GI endoscopic procedures for routine care at Mayo Clinic.
• Patients being seen in the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department for other gastroenterology and hepatology conditions
• Venipuncture is feasible (health, access and/or tolerability) for requested blood sample(s).
• Individuals have agreed to participate and signed the study informed consent form.

Children with IBD

• Patients at ages 0 to 17 years old.
• Individuals diagnosed with IBD using standard clinical, endoscopic, radiological and histological criteria.
• Patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery at Mayo Clinic for IBD.
• Patients with IBD having lower GI endoscopic procedures for routine care at Mayo Clinic.
• Venipuncture is feasible (health, access and/or tolerability) for requested blood sample(s).
• Individuals have agreed to participate and signed the study informed consent form.

Children without IBD

• Patients at ages 0 to 17 years old.
• Individuals without IBD: these individuals may include ethnically, gender and/or age matched control subjects; or environmental controls with no known personal or family history of IBD (may include eligible spouses and friends of study patients with IBD).
• Venipuncture is feasible (health, access and/or tolerability) for requested blood sample(s).
• Individuals have agreed to participate and signed the study informed consent form.

Adults

• Individuals who do not meet study inclusion criteria.
• Individuals who have not agreed to participate and have not signed the study consent form.

Children with IBD

• Individuals who do not meet study inclusion criteria.
• Individuals who have not agreed to participate and have not signed the study consent form.

Children without IBD

• Individuals who do not meet study inclusion criteria.
• Individuals who have not agreed to participate and have not signed the study consent form.

• Patients who have drug-refractory VA and are recommended to undergo catheter-based ablation for VA.
• Patients who have an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for VA and have received ICD therapies for recurrent VA.
• Patients ages 0-100 with Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) who have a planned cardiac sympathetic denervation procedure

Inclusion Criteria

Must meet all criteria to qualify for inclusion in study:

• Evidence of a personally signed and dated informed consent document indicating that the patient (or a legally acceptable representative) has been informed of all pertinent aspects of the study.
• Males and females.
• At least 18 years of age.
• Confirmed genotyped TTR mutation with or without a diagnosis of ATTR, or wild-type TTR amyloidosis.
• Confirmation of wild-type TTR amyloidosis will be determined by genotyped confirmation that patient does not possess a known mutation in TTR gene (i.e., is a carrier of wild-type allele only) via genetic testing and one of the following sets of criteria:
  • Evidence of cardiac involvement by echocardiogram as defined by mean left ventricle wall thickness of > 12 mm, and presence of amyloid in cardiac biopsy tissue confirmed as TTR amyloid by mass spectrometry or immunohistochemistry;
  • Evidence of cardiac involvement by echocardiogram as defined by mean left ventricle wall thickness of > 12 mm, and presence of amyloid in non-cardiac tissue confirmed as TTR amyloid by mass spectrometry or immunohistochemistry;
  • Evidence of cardiac involvement by echocardiogram as defined by mean left ventricle wall thickness of > 12 mm, no evidence of primary (light chain) amyloidosis, and presence of amyloid in cardiac tissue indirectly confirmed by scintigraphy with a "bone seeking tracer"; e.g., 99mTC-DPD [99mTC-3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propano-dicarboxylic acid], 99mTC- PYP [Pyrophosphate], and 99mTC-HMDP [hydroxymethylene diphosphonate] with Perugini grade greater than or equal to 2.

Exclusion Criteria

• Has primary or secondary amyloidosis.

• Patients with aggressive/metastatic tumors or patients with LAM disease.

• Patients with indolent tumors or considered cured by surgery. Patients with other cystic diseases with no clear diagnosis of  LAM.

• Age 18 and older
• Men and women
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) subjects scheduled for liver transplantation (LT)
  • Controls will be their liver donor

• Age 17 and younger
• Not having primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or not scheduled for an liver transplantation (LT)

• Ages 0-40 years old.
• All patients with spine and/or chest wall disorders.

• Age older than 40 years old.
• Patient participates in another registry/database with the specific objective to collect pediatric spine deformity data. 
• Family does not want to participate.

• Ages 0-40 years old.
• All patients with spine and/or chest wall disorders.

• Age older than 40 years old.
• Patient participates in another registry/database with the specific objective to collect pediatric spine deformity data. 
• Family does not want to participate.

• Adults 18 years of age and older
• Healthy subjects without known cardiovascular disease and thyroid disease
• Subjects who are on no medications (except oral contraceptive pill)
• Nonsmokers
• No prior history of caffeine sensitivity or allergy

• Subjects with known cardiovascular and/or thyroid disease
• Subjects currently taking medications other than oral contraceptive pill
• Smokers
• Prior history of caffeine sensitivity or allergy
• Pregnancy

• Both male and female
  • age 18 to 80
  • Healthy volunteers
    OR
  • Patients who are scheduled for clinically indicated liver MRE for fibrosis staging

• Subjects lacking capacity to consent 
• Subjects with unreliable ultrasound or MRE measurements.
• Pregnant women will be excluded.
• Women of child baring potential will be asked by our study coordinator if they are pregnant.
  • If not sure, a urine pregnancy test will be given to screen the subject at no cost to the subject.

• The criteria for normal subjects are:
  • No active neurological or psychiatric conditions;
  • No cognitive complaints;
  • Normal neurological exam;
  • No psychoactive medications;
  • If a prior neurological or psychiatric condition was present, they must have returned to normal;
  • They may have chronic medical conditions that do not affect cognition, and are ≥ 18 years old.
• Criteria for patients receiving the diagnosis of MCI have been published (26) and are:
  • Memory complaint documented by patient and collateral source;
  • Normal general cognitive function as determined by measures of general intellectual function and screening instruments-MMSE and Short Test of Mental Status;
  • Normal activities of daily living as documented by history and Record of Independent Living;
  • Not demented by DSM-III-R criteria, and do not meet NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for AD;
  • CDR=0.5 (7,8);
  • Objective memory impairment determined by clinical judgment of the neuropsychologists and neurologists (typically this represents performance at 1.5 SD below age and education matched normals from our community on Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Wechsler Memory Scale – revised, however the diagnosis is not based on rigid cutoffs); and age ≥ 18 years;
  • The diagnosis of dementia is made according to DMS-III-R criteria and AD according to DMS-III-R criteria and AD according to NINCDS/ADRDA criteria. Subjects must be ≥ 18 years of age;
  • The diagnoses of neurodegenerative and demyelinating spectrum diseases are made according to the diagnostic criteria such as McDonald Criteria for MS or Okuda Criteria for radiologically isolated syndrome or diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
• All participants of this study should have had MRI (IRB# 963-97) and PiB PET (IRB# 08-005553) imaging within the last two years so that their PiB status is known.

• Potential study participants will be excluded from enrollment in the study and will be deleted from data analyses if any of the following conditions are present (or become evident):
  • Early onset AD (before age 60);
  • Familial AD due to known genetic mutations;
  • AD with Parkinsonian features;
  • Major depression,;
  • Primary or metastatic intracranial neoplasm;
  • Head trauma;
  • Intra-cerebral hemorrhage;
  • Change in classification from probable AD to any other dementia classification.
• We will exclude individuals with hemispheric stroke; i.e., embolic occlusion of one of the major cortical vessels, as this would confound morphometric analyses.
• Individual with leukoaraiosis or lacunar infarcts, or who develop new lacunar infarcts, after initial enrollment, will not be excluded.
• Medical contraindications to MRI scanning such as a cardiac pacemaker, or the presence of intraocular or intracranial metallic objects, will exclude patients from participation.
• Pregnant women will be excluded from the study.
• Women of Child Bearing Potential (WOCBP) will be given a urine pregnancy test prior to the scan.  Results will be shared with the participant.  If the pregnancy test is positive, the participant will not be able to take part in this study.

• All ages
• Diagnosis of
• Seen at Mayo clinic between 1995 and 2013

CASES: Heavy drinkers with alcoholic hepatitis

Inclusion criteria

1. The diagnosis of AH will be established on published criteria this is based on:
   1. Average daily ethanol consumption of > 40 grams/day for women and > 60 grams/day for men for a minimum of 6 months and within the 6 weeks prior to study enrolment. Judgment regarding daily and yearly alcohol use will be made by the site investigator
   2. Clinical evaluation and appropriate laboratory testing as defined by total bilirubin > 2 mg/dL and AST > 50 U/L. When the diagnosis of AH remains in question, a liver biopsy (if clinically feasible and that subject has no contra-indications) will be required.
   3. Subjects with HBV, HCV and/or HIV will be eligible for enrollment 

Exclusion criteria

1. Evidence of other liver diseases such as autoimmune or drug-induced
2. Significant concomitant medical illnesses such as uncontrolled congestive heart failure or COPD, or multiorgan failure
3. Abstinence of alcohol use > 6 weeks immediately preceding enrollment
4. Hemochromatosis
5. Wilson Disease
6. Active intravenous drug use

CONTROLS: Heavy drinkers without alcoholic hepatitis

Inclusion criteria

1. Average daily ethanol consumption of > 40 grams /day for women and > 60 grams/day for males for a minimum of 6 months and within the 6 weeks prior to study enrollment. In addition, heavy drinkers who have just become abstinent within prior 2 weeks are eligible to be enrolled. Judgment regarding daily and yearly alcohol use will be made by the site investigator
2. AST and ALT ≤ 50 and total bilirubin levels within normal range. If bilirubin is increased due to a suspected Gilbert's Syndrome, patient may be enrolled if the direct bilirubin is within normal limits

Exclusion criteria

1. Evidence of liver disease
2. Significant concomitant medical illnesses such as uncontrolled congestive heart failure or COPD, or multiorgan failure
3. Abstinence of alcohol use > 2 weeks immediately preceding enrollment
4. Hemochromatosis
5. Wilson Disease
6. Active intravenous drug use
7. Prior history of known alcoholic liver disease
8. Presence of hepatosplenomegaly from the physical examination/radiographic imaging or stigmata of liver disease

CASES: Heavy drinkers with alcoholic hepatitis

Inclusion criteria

1. The diagnosis of AH will be established on published criteria this is based on:
   1. Average daily ethanol consumption of > 40 grams/day for women and > 60 grams/day for men for a minimum of 6 months and within the 6 weeks prior to study enrolment. Judgment regarding daily and yearly alcohol use will be made by the site investigator
   2. Clinical evaluation and appropriate laboratory testing as defined by total bilirubin > 2 mg/dL and AST > 50 U/L. When the diagnosis of AH remains in question, a liver biopsy (if clinically feasible and that subject has no contra-indications) will be required.
   3. Subjects with HBV, HCV and/or HIV will be eligible for enrollment 

Exclusion criteria

1. Evidence of other liver diseases such as autoimmune or drug-induced
2. Significant concomitant medical illnesses such as uncontrolled congestive heart failure or COPD, or multiorgan failure
3. Abstinence of alcohol use > 6 weeks immediately preceding enrollment
4. Hemochromatosis
5. Wilson Disease
6. Active intravenous drug use

CONTROLS: Heavy drinkers without alcoholic hepatitis

Inclusion criteria

1. Average daily ethanol consumption of > 40 grams /day for women and > 60 grams/day for males for a minimum of 6 months and within the 6 weeks prior to study enrollment. In addition, heavy drinkers who have just become abstinent within prior 2 weeks are eligible to be enrolled. Judgment regarding daily and yearly alcohol use will be made by the site investigator
2. AST and ALT ≤ 50 and total bilirubin levels within normal range. If bilirubin is increased due to a suspected Gilbert's Syndrome, patient may be enrolled if the direct bilirubin is within normal limits

Exclusion criteria

1. Evidence of liver disease
2. Significant concomitant medical illnesses such as uncontrolled congestive heart failure or COPD, or multiorgan failure
3. Abstinence of alcohol use > 2 weeks immediately preceding enrollment
4. Hemochromatosis
5. Wilson Disease
6. Active intravenous drug use
7. Prior history of known alcoholic liver disease
8. Presence of hepatosplenomegaly from the physical examination/radiographic imaging or stigmata of liver disease

Human subjects will be recruited in ages from 3 to 99 years of age. Subjects will be in good general health with the exception of symptoms of hydrocephalus.

Individuals with contraindications to MRI scanning such as a cardiac pacemaker, the presence of intraocular or intracranial metallic objects and MRI incompatible devices.

• Any adult of a family with renal cystic kidney disease; affected or unaffected.
• Females and males of any race or ethnic group.
• Symptomatic children (0 – 17 years).
• Children with a confirmed negative diagnosis (0 – 17 years).
• Waste material from surgery.

• Individuals who are unable to sign consent (e.g., mentally challenged, those declared legally incompetent).
• Individuals regarded as belonging to a vulnerable population (e.g., prisoners).
• No age exclusion limit.
• Individuals with HIV or hepatitis infection.

Stone formers:

• Must have participated in IRB #08-006541 (prospective cohort)
• Baseline CT
• Ages 18 to 79

• Dementia,
• Severe disability,
• End-stage renal disease,
• Stone formers with only asymptomatic stones or only bladder stones will be excluded.

• Any patient with a diagnosis of AAV.
• Potential subjects will be identified on the basis of their being scheduled for evaluation in the pulmonary vasculitis clinic.
• All patients scheduled in the clinic will be recruited, either in advance of their appointment (via telephone contact or posted written materials) or at the time of their clinical visit (via a face-to-face meeting). 
• Community outreach will not be feasible for this rare disease, but again, all patients scheduled in the pulmonary vasculitis clinic are eligible for recruitment. 
• Patients admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of AAV are also eligible for participation.  
• Informed consent will be obtained via usual verbal and written procedures in the clinic itself.  Consent will be obtained by clinical research personnel.

• None.

Patients undergoing standard clinical Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) examinations that also have:

• Hip implant;
• Elbow implant;
• Hand/wrist/finger implant;
• Knee implant;
• Foot/ankle Implant;
• Exams where fat suppression commonly fails such as brachial plexus, diabetic foot and other exams where patients are close to the magnet bore;
• Healthy volunteers
  .

• None.

Patients scheduled to have a standard clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination of the head or spine.

Note: Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion criteria may apply.

Eligibility last updated 9/30/22. Questions regarding updates should be directed to the study team contact.

• Either has or is suspected of having or is the family member of a patient with one of the amyloidoses including, but not limited to
  • Transthyretin
  • Fibrinogen
  • Lysozyme
  • Apolipoprotein-associated
  • Lect-2
  • Serum amyloid A
  • Gelsolin
  • Beta-2 microglobulin
  • Immunoglobulin-associated 
• Should be able to provide informed consent.

Children under the age of 18 and adults lacking the capacity to consent will not be included in this study.

Inclusion criteria:

• Pathological diagnosis CNS inflammatory demyelinating disease (IIDD) consistent with MS, confirmed by a pathologist
• FFPE tissue with sufficient area for pathological analyses

• Subjects will be recruited from the medical practice or local community as those being normal controls or having nasal or sinus conditions

• Adult patients with clinically documented peripheral neuropathy as determined by a Mayo Clinic Neurologist.
• Adult patients with either a known genetic mutation causative for the peripheral neuropathy or a documented family history of peripheral neuropathy.
• Adult biological family members of affected patient.

• Adult patients with peripheral neuropathy caused by other etiologies in the estimation of the Mayo Clinic Neurologist without a hereditary component.

• Skeletally immature children/adults undergoing surgical procedures where growth plate cartilage is removed as a normal part of their procedure; or patients undergoing surgical procedures where bone is removed as a normal part of their procedure.

• Skeletally mature children/adults

Pediatric patients ages 9-11 years undergoing clinical lipid screening test.

• Patients with an acute viral illness and/or fever > 38C.Acute illness has been shown to result in transient elevation of lipid levels.

• Patients outside the ages of 9-11.

• Patients undergoing surgical procedures where musculoskeletal tissues are removed as surgical waste tissue.

• There are no exclusion criteria for this study.

Subjects:

•  HIV positive donors and/or Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) positive and/or recovered SARS-CoV-2 positive adult (≥18 years of age) donors will be recruited for apheresis by the primary investigator, HIV clinic nurses, or clinic phlebotomists.

Exclusion criteria:

• Inability to provide informed consent,
• Pregnancy,
• Inability to obtain peripheral venous access for the apharesis procedure.