Subject Population:

• Heart failure patients and healthy subjects

• Ages 18-90

• Age less than 18

1. Controls
   1. Healthy women volunteers aged 18-80 years
   2. Able to provide written informed consent before participating in the study
   3. Able to communicate adequately with the investigator and to comply with the requirements for the entire study
2. Patients (women aged 18-80 years)
   1. Fecal incontinence. Women with fecal incontinence occurring more than once per month
   2. Constipation.  Women with chronic constipation for 1 year with any 2 or more of the following symptoms for 3 months or longer, i.e. <3 bowel motions/week, straining ≥ 25% of time, hard or lumpy stools ≥ 25% of time, incomplete{C}{C}{C}
   3. Able to provide written informed consent before participating in the study
   4. Able to communicate adequately with the investigator and to comply with the requirements for the entire study

Items indicated with an asterisk (*) are also exclusion criteria for patients

1. Controls
   1. Clinical evidence of significant cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, hematological, neurological, psychiatric or other disease that may interfere with the objectives of the study and/or pose safety concerns.*
   2. Current symptoms of a functional gastrointestinal disorder assessed by questionnaire
   3. Putative risk factors for pelvic floor trauma, i.e. six or more vaginal deliveries, birthweight >4500gms (macrosomia), or known 4th degree perineal tear
   4. Medications that are likely to alter gastrointestinal motility, e.g., opiates, anticholinergic medications, high doses of serotoninergic agents (e.g. fluoxetine 80mg or greater), alpha adrenergic agonists, calcium channel or b blockers; stable dose of thyroxine will be permitted
   5. Active rectal inflammation, cancer; perianal sepsis; history of pelvic radiation, rectosigmoid surgery or inflammatory bowel disease*
   6. Anxiety or depression as assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire
   7. Contraindications for MR imaging, i.e. pacemakers, aneurysm clips, cochlear implants
   8. Pregnant women, prisoners and institutionalized individuals

• Scheduled to have a standard clinical imaging examination or you have volunteered to have a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination for research quality control purposes.

• Clinically-indicated, dual-source, dual-energy CT for the purpose of renal stone material differentiation
• Positive for the presence of stone.
• Ability to provide written, informed consent

• Pregnancy

• Adult individuals seeking  or receiving composite tissue allotransplantation at Mayo Clinic.

• Mayo Clinic patients of all ages (newborns to adults) diagnosed with HLHS will be identified both retrospectively (by diagnostic codes) and prospectively, and recruited following informed, written consent. DNA will be extracted from whole blood or saliva for CMA and WGS.
  • Parents and siblings of the index case will be invited to participate by consenting to a screening echocardiogram and sample procurement for DNA extraction for WGS. Selected members of the extended family with congenital heart disease of any type will be contacted via a form letter to invite their participation in the study, which would include providing a copy of cardiac imaging reports and sample procurement for DNA extraction for WGS.
• Non-Mayo subjects would participate by providing a blood or saliva sample for WGS only.

• None.

• Men and women able to give informed consent and complete a 2 page questionnaire
• Diagnosis of one or more episodes of spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)
• Biological parent of individual with SCAD

• Lack of confirmation of SCAD diagnosis

• Human subjects will be recruited for the project from the Mayo Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and the clinical practice
• There will be six groups of subjects in the study including
• Cognitively normal elderly patients
• Patients with Alzheimer’s disease
• Patients with frontotemporal dementia, DLB, PD and seizures
• Adults ranging in age from 18 to 100 years of age
• Subjects will be in good general health with the exception of dementia or a history of TBI. Their dementia will not be due to other medical or psychiatric problems.

We will exclude individuals with contraindications to MRI scanning such as:

• Cardiac pacemaker
• Presence of intraocular or intracranial metallic objects and MRI incompatible devices

• Inclusion of Legacy PH patients from two previous Mayo Clinic Hyperoxaluria Center registry protocol databases will be rolled into the 6401 PH Registry.
• Patients < 18 years with a history of kidney stones, and/or nephrocalcinosis; OR
• Patients > 18 yrs with a history of kidney stones, and/or nephrocalcinosis and at least one of the following:
  • Family history of stones or nephrocalcinosis or unexplained kidney failure;
  • Growth retardation due to metabolic bone disease and/or renal failure;
  • Crystals of unusual type;
  • Mild to moderate proteinuria;
  • Elevated serum creatinine and/or reduced GFR;
  • Hypomagnesemia;
  • Increased urinary calcium excretion; 
  • Increased urinary oxalate excretion; or
  • Renal cysts.
• Family member of a patient who meets any of the above inclusion criteria

• Any patient unwilling to sign a consent.

Note: Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion criteria may apply.

Eligibility last updated 12/28/22. Questions regarding updates should be directed to the study team contact.

• Diagnosis of one of the syndromes of interest using established criteria
• Age 40-90 inclusive
• MMSE score above 10
• No active medical disorder that could preclude participation
• Stable medication regimen over previous four weeks
• Absence of certain medications that could significantly impact the DaTscan findings
• For those with dementia, caregiver that is with the patient at least 4 hours/day for at least 5 days per week
• For those with dementia, or severe parkinsonism, patient and caregiver willing and able to participate in all study-related procedures
• Patient is capable of giving informed consent, or if appropriate, has caregiver capable of giving consent on the subject's behalf.

• Does not fulfill criteria for any of the desired diagnoses
• Age <40 or >90
• Women with intact uterus and not post-menopausal unless pregnancy test performed at screening is negative
• Women who are pregnant or are breast-feeding an infant
• MMSE score <10
• Active medical disorder that could preclude participation in this protocol
  • Hypersensitivity to the radioligand, cocaine, or iodine (including seafood allergy)
  • Myocardial infarction or cerebral infarct over preceding year, stable or unstable angina, known symptomatic coronary artery disease
  • Renal or liver disease viewed by the physician to be too severe to warrant DaTscan infusion/imaging
  • History of significant alcohol or drug abuse
  • Any other medical disorder considered by the study physicians as inappropriate for this protocol
• Patient or caregiver unwilling or unable to participate in all study-related procedures
• Caregiver is not with a patient with dementia or severe parkinsonism at least 4 hours/day for at least 5 days/week
• Patient or caregiver unwilling or unable to provide informed consent

• Age 18-40 years
• No chronic medical conditions other than seasonal or environmental allergies
• On no prescription medications other than second generation antihistamines (Cetirizine, Fexofenadine, Desloratadine, Loratadine, etc), oral contraceptive pills, or intrauterine devices.
• BMI 18.5-35 kg/m2
• Both normotensive and prehypertensive people are eligible and will be studied
• Not a current smoker or tobacco user
• Not pregnant or breast feeding and not intending to become pregnant or breast feed

• The investigators will exclude subjects who have any medical or psychiatric disorders
• History of anxiety or depression, and those taking any medications other than non-sedating antihistamines or oral contraceptives.
• Those found to have depression on a depression screening tool (BDI-II) will be excluded. Current smokers will be excluded.
• All female subjects will undergoing a screening pregnancy test and excluded if positive.
• Subjects found to have significant sleep disorders will be excluded.

• Age ≥ 7 years.
• Biopsy confirmed newly diagnosed or recurrent WHO Grade II or Grade III malignant glioma.
• CT simulation, 18F-DOPA PET imaging, and standard of care pre-RT MRI scans to be performed at Mayo Clinic Rochester.
• Provide informed written consent.

• Patients diagnosed with WHO grade IV malignant glioma.
• Patients previously treated with radiation therapy.
• Unable to undergo MRI scans with contrast (e.g., cardiac pacemaker, defibrillator, kidney failure).
• Unable to undergo an 18F-DOPA PET scan (e.g., Parkinson’s Disease, taking anti-dopaminergic, or dopamine agonist medication or less than 6 half-lives from discontinuance of dopamine agonists.  Other potentially interfering drugs consist of: amoxapine, amphetamine, benztropine, buproprion, buspirone, cocaine, mazindol, methamphetamine, methylphenidate, norephedrine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine, selegiline, paroxetine, citalopram, and sertraline).
• Any of the following:
  • Pregnant women;
  • Nursing women;
  • Men or women of childbearing potential who are unwilling to employ adequate contraception.

• Patients undergoing surgery for polycystic kidney and liver disease or its complications or for a different renal or hepatic disease and wishing to participate in research studies of cystic liver and kidney disease.
• Patients with polycystic kidney and/or liver disease, undergoing percutaneous cyst aspiration and wishing to participate in research studies of cystic liver and kidney disease.
• Patients without polycystic kidney or liver disease undergoing nephrectomies or partial hepatectomies for other pathologies.
• Deceased fetuses with evidence of polycystic kidney and/or liver disease undergoing autopsy
• Deceased patients with polycystic kidney and/or liver disease undergoing autopsy.

• Individuals who do not comprehend English (i.e., participants must be able to read and sign a consent form without the assistance of an interpreter)
• Individuals who are unable to sign consent (e.g., mentally challenged, those declared legally incompetent).
• Individuals regarded as belonging to a vulnerable population (e.g.prisoners).
• No age exclusion limit.
• Individuals with HIV or hepatitis infection.

• All patients will have clinically suspected, possible, probable, or definite ALS as defined by the World Federation of Neurology criteria for the diagnosis of ALS (2000).
  • Although some of these patients will later be found to have an ALS “mimicker,” these inclusion criteria will help collect samples all possible patients during their initial laboratory work-up.
• Age greater than 18 years
• Can provide written informed consent.

• Patients who are felt to be too ill to complete studies safely

• Age greater than 3 years
• All subjects will be included even those with a suspected diagnosis of celiac disease and/or dermatitis herpetiformis.
• Patients with
  • Collagenous sprue 
  • Idiopathic sprue 
  • Lymphocytic enterocolitis 
  • Idiopathic enteropathies 
  • Collagenous gastritis 
  • Whipple’s disease 
  • Other miscellaneous inflammatory disorders of the small intestine

• Vulnerable population

• Chronic kidney patient subjects:
  • Patients with a positive diagnosis of chronic kidney disease with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 90 and an albumin/creatinine ration of greater than 30 mg/g
  • Age between 21 and 85 
  • Able to reliably comprehend and perform simple verbal commands and written consent 
  • Body Mass Index (BMI) not greater than 45. These patients will be categorized into different stages (1-5) of chronic kidney disease based on estimated glomerular filtration rate according to the K/DOQI guidelines.
• Kidney transplant patient subjects:
  • Patients who have received a kidney transplant 
  • Age between 21 and 85 
  • Able to reliably comprehend and perform simple verbal commands and written consent 
  • Body Mass Index (BMI) not greater than 45
• Kidney transplant donors:
  • Normal anatomy and no history of kidney disease and donating a kidney 
  • Age between 21 and 85 
  • Body Mass Index (BMI) not greater than 45

• Chronic kidney patient subjects:
  • Patients with cystic kidney disease 
  • Patients undergoing dialysis treatment 
  • Vulnerable populations such as prisoners
• Kidney transplant patient subjects:
  • Patients with cystic kidney disease 
  • Patients undergoing dialysis treatment 
  • Vulnerable populations such as prisoners
• Kidney donors:
  • Prior history of kidney disease 
  • Vulnerable populations such as prisoners

• Men and women age ≥ 18 years.
• Diagnosis of intracranial aneurysm secured by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), computed tomographic angiography (CTA), or catheter-based cerebral angiography.
• Diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage diagnosed by head CT, brain MRI or lumbar puncture.
• Provides written informed consent.

• Individuals < 18 years of age.
• No known diagnosis of aortic aneurysm.
• No history of prior screening for aortic aneurysm.
• No condition like recent abdominal surgical scar that would preclude abdominal ultrasonography.
• No therapy like abdominal hypothermia pads that would preclude abdominal ultrasonography.

• Disorders affecting the hematopoietic system that are inherited, acquired, or result from myeloablative treatment
• Signed informed consent (and signed assent, if applicable) obtained prior to study enrollment
• Pediatric and adult patients of any age

• Patients who are receiving only licensed CBUs
• Cord blood transplant recipients at international transplant centers
• Patients who are enrolled on another IND protocol to access the unlicensed CBU(s)
• Patients whose selected unlicensed CBU(s) will be more than minimally manipulated

Diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria:

• Age > 0 AND at least one of the following criteria:
  • Liver biopsy documenting AGT activity below the normal reference range confirming PH1; OR
  • Liver biopsy documenting GR/HPR activity below the normal reference range confirming PH2;
  • Molecular genetic analysis (DNA testing) confirming a mutation known to cause PH 1, PH 2, PH 3; homozygosity or compound heterozygosity of mutations of AGXT, GRHPR, or HOGA 1 genes;
  • Urinary oxalate excretion of greater than 0.8 mmol/1.73 m2/day (?70 mg/1.73 m2/day) in the absence of a gastrointestinal disease known to cause hyperoxaluria (enteric hyperoxaluria);
  • If the patient presented in end stage renal failure, and neither a liver biopsy nor mutational analysis were obtained, 5a AND 5b must be fulfilled along with at least one of the criteria listed in 5c.:
    • Pre-dialysis plasma oxalate greater than 60 µmol/L; AND
    • Renal biopsy confirming extensive oxalate deposition; OR
    • Evidence of systemic oxalosis (at least one of the following criteria):
      • retinal oxalate deposits.
      • oxalate deposits in bone marrow, skin , or other tissue (histologically confirmed).
      • nephrocalcinosis.
      • calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.
    • Have related, uncharacterized, disorder.
    • Participants in the previous protocol "Tissue Bank of Urine, Blood, and Tissue Samples Collected from the Patients with Primary Hyperoxaluria" Mayo IRB #80-04.  These participants have already consented to bank their samples and that consent will serve to enroll them in this study.  No new consent will be obtained.

Diagnostic Criteria for enteric hyperoxaluria:

• Two or more 24 hour urine collections in the year prior to enrollment with oxalate > 0.6mmol/1.73m2 BSA/24 hours; and ONE or more of the following:
  • GI disease known to cause malabsorption;
  • History of malabsorptive bariatric surgical procedure;
  • History of small bowel resection sufficient to cause malabsorption.

Diagnosis of Cystinuria:

• Stone analysis demonstrating that the stone contains cystine as a component;
• Increased urinary cystine excretion (>250 mg/24 hours in adults and >250 mg/gm creatinine in children).

Diagnosis of Dent disease, Low Syndrome and Dent Carriers:

• Age ≥ 0;
• Documented LMWP > 5x the upper reference range at any time point; AND at least ONE of the following criteria:
  • Identified mutation of the CLCN5 gene (Dent 1) or the OCRL1 gene (Dent 2);
  • Hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, or stones;
  • Hypophosphatemia or rickets;
  • Family history of stones, CKD or proteinuria.
• Genetic testing will be done for all longitudinal cohort patients to classify as Dent 1 (CLCN5).  Lowe Syndrome or Dent 2 (OCRL1); or non 1/2 Dent (negative for both genes) and Dent Carriers.

Diagnosis of APRT disease:

• Age > 0, diagnosis of APRT deficiency based on at least one of the following criteria:
  • Suspected dihydroxyadeninuria and abolished in vivo APRT enzyme activity;
  • Homozygosity, or compund heterozygosity, for known disease-causing APRT mutations with or without suspected dihydroxyadeninuria;
  • Homozygosity, or compund heterozygosity, for novel APRT mutations and abolished in vivo APRT enzyme activity, with or without suspected dihydroxyadeninuria;
  • Passage of dihydroxyadenine stones (confirmed with stone analysis), with or without suspected dihydroxyadeninuria, and abolished in vivo APRT enzyme activity or the presence of homozygosity, or compund heterozygosity, for disease-causing mutations;
  • Have related, uncharacterized, disorder.

Clinical Suspicion of a monogenic kidney stone disease:

• Patients > 18 years old with a history of kidney stones, and/or nephrocalcinosis; OR
• Patients > 18 years old with a history of kidney stones, and/or nephrocalcinosis and at least ONE of the following:
  • Family history of stones or nephrocalcinosis or unexplained kidney failure;
  • Growth retardation due to metabolic bone disease and/or renal failure;
  • Crystals of unusual type;
  • Mild-to-moderate proteinuria;
  • Elevated serum creatinine and/or reduced GFR;
  • Hypomagnesemia; OR
  • Increased urinary calcium excretion;
  • Increased urinary oxalate excretion;
  • Renal cysts.

Family member of a patient who meets any of the above inclusion criteria.

• Stone formers who do not meet the inclusion criteria for primary hyperoxaluria, cystinuria, Dent disease, or APRT deficiency.
• Unwilling or unable to provide consent/assent.

• Subjects must have a diagnosis of Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorder or Myeldysplastic Syndrome.

• Any subjects that do not have a Myeloproliferative Disorder or a Myeldysplastic Syndrome.

Inclusion Criteria

• ≥ 35 years (Males & Females)
• Cervical Laminectomy
• Cervical Posterior Fusion
• Cervical Anterior/Posterior Fusion
• Lumbar Laminectomy
• Lumbar Posterolateral Fusion
• Lumbar Interbody Fusion

Exclusion Criteria

• < 35 years
• Cervical Anterior Discectomy and Fusion
• Cervical Anterior Corpectomy
• Cervical Posterior Discectomy
• Cervical Foraminotomy
• Lumbar Discectomy (METRx or Open)
• Lumbar Foraminotomy
• Lumbar Anterior Fusion
• Myelopathy with bladder dysfunction
• Patients currently taking an alpha-antagonist
• Patients with history of allergy or sensitivity to tamsulosin or other alpha-antagonist (alfuzosin, doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin, tamsulosin, and phenoxybenzamine)
• History of prostatectomy or urologic surgery involving the bladder or urethra
• Severe liver disease or end-stage renal disease
• Patients taking strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 (ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin, ritonavir, indinavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, and conivaptan)
• Patients with a mental disability
• Prisoners

• Any pregnant woman or expectant family, regardless of age, with a self-reported prenatal diagnosis of severe CHD. One or both parents willing to consent to the storage of UCB for the specific purpose of regenerative research.
• Any pregnant woman and/or expectant family is willing to sign Release of Information to request fetal echo text report diagnosing severe CHD.
• Parent(s) willing to be contacted 60 days after collection for follow-up screening questions regarding the health status of the baby affected with severe CHD.

• Individuals unwilling to participate.

• Age 18-40 years
• BMI of 18.5-30 kg/m²
• Not a current smoker or tobacco user
• No chronic medical or psychiatric disorders
• On no prescription medications other than second generation antihistamines (cetirizine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, loratadine, etc), oral contraceptive pills, or intrauterine devices
• History of normal sleep patterns, defined as nocturnal sleep duration of 6.5-8 hours per night without regular daytime naps

• The investigators will exclude subjects who have any medical or psychiatric disorders
• History of anxiety or depression
• Those taking any medications other than non-sedating antihistamines or oral contraceptives will be excluded
• Those found to have depression on a depression screening tool (BDI-II) will be excluded
• Current smokers will be excluded
• All female subjects will undergoing a screening pregnancy test and excluded if positive
• Subjects found to have significant sleep disorders will be excluded

• Male or female patients
• Age 18 to 85
• Adults with BMI’s ranging from 18.5-no upper limit 
• Are undergoing elective surgery

• Patients with intra-abdominal malignancies or who are medically unstable (American Society for Anaesthesia class >3)

• Patients greater than age 18 undergoing a surgical procedure where fibrous tissue can be collected as surgical waste tissue

• Patients who are younger than age 18 
• Patients who are pregnant

• 18 years old
• Undergoing evaluation for hand transplantation

• unable to complete surveys

• Aged 18 years of age or older.
• Membership of the DAHLC or Mayo Clinic employee.
• Commitment to full participation in the SMART program – 12 sessions.
• Ability to complete study questionnaires at pre- (week 0) and post- (week 12) and at week 16 (1-month post program completion) and weeks 20, 32 and 36.

• 18 years old or older patients
• Undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplant

• None

• Patients with "biopsy proven" soft tissue tumor recurrences of prostate fossa
• Surgery is not a desirable alternative therapy at the time of enrollment
• Radiation therapy has failed or not indicated or can be safely postponed
• Tumor size is < 5 cm at its largest diameter
• Tumor does not encompass the rectal wall or external urethral sphincter
• Performance status is ECOG 2 or better in adults
• Patient is able to undergo MRI

• Patients with pacemaker or defibrillator