• Patients receiving surgery for spinal deformity, such as kyphosis, scoliosis and spondylolisthesis with accompanying sagittal plane imbalance.  
• Adolescent and adult patients between the ages of 10 and 65, with a sagittal imbalance greater than 20 mm will be recruited. 
• Subjects must be able to ambulate without the use of assistive devices over a 10 meter walkway. 

• Any patients demonstrating
  • Parkinsonian symptoms 
  • Progressive neurologic disorder 
  • Myelopathy 
  • Peripheral neuropathy  
  • Vision deficits not correctable with lenses 
  • Other symptomatic lower limb disability

• Female patient volunteers aged 18 years and older 
• Without a history of mastectomy or implants 
• Which are identified to have findings suspicious for breast cancer, or not suspicious, and may be referred to Radiology for clinical MRI and/or ultrasound, and may have had a baseline MRI, will be candidates for enrollment
• Have biopsy proven breast cancer and are planning to be treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and had their baseline MRI and/or ultrasound. VA/SDUV/CUSE will be performed after diagnostic biopsy in this group of patients

• Having any condition that does not allow proper use of our imaging devices 
• History of mastectomy or implants

• All adult and pediatric patients with a type of nervous system tumor included in a list of histopathologies will be eligible to enroll in the Neuro-Oncology Program Registry and Biobank.  This list may be modified in the future.  The current list includes:
  • Astrocytoma;
  • Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor;
  • Ependymoma;
  • Ganglioglioma;
  • Glioma;
  • Gliosarcoma;
  • Medulloblastoma;
  • Meningioma;
  • Mixed Oligodendroglioma-Astrocytoma;
  • Oligodendroglioma;
  • Pilocytic Astrocytoma;
  • Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma;
  • Schwannoma;
  • Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma;
  • Subependymoma;
  • Primitive neuro-ectodermal tumors;
  • Vitreoretinal Lymphoma (adult subjects only);
  • Primary CNS lymphoma;
  • Brain metastases including, but not limited to, melanoma, breast, lung and renal cancers;
  • Pineal region tumors;
  • Germ cell tumors;
  • Hemangiopericytoma;
  • Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG);
  • Intracranial solitary fibrous tumors;
  • Neurofibroma.
• Pregnant women will be included in this registry.

• Patients with a histopathology other than that listed above.
• Patients whose pathologic diagnosis cannot be confirmed will not be eligible to enroll in the Neuro-Oncology Program Registry and Biobank. 

• Diagnosed with Membranous Nephropathy, IgA Nephropathy, Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis, Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis, Minimal Change Disease, Lupus Nephritis, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Associated Vasculitis, or Glomerular and tubulo-interstitial diseases.
• Biologically related family members of accrued participants willing to provide genetic material for future studies.
• Able to provide a blood sample.
• Able to provide a urine sample.
• Able to provide informed consent.
• Age > 18 years or older.

• Age < 18 years or younger.
• Unable to provide blood and/or urine sample.
• Unable to provide consent without assistance.

Women should meet at least one of the following criteria:

• Abnormal uterine bleeding
• Postmenopausal bleeding
• Thickened endometrial stripe
• Hereditary predisposition to endometrial cancer (e.g. HNPCC)
• Women referred for endometrial biopsy to evaluate suspicion or high risk of endometrial cancer

• Prior hysterectomy
• Pregnant women (There will be a verbal screen by the clinic nurse and the physician about a potential pregnancy and a pregnancy test may be conducted if there is any doubt)
• Prior pelvic radiation

• Elevated serum IgG4 or a clinical or histopathologic diagnosis of IgG4-RD in adult patients

• None

• Adults 18 – 65 years old

• Volunteer who have history of bleeding tendencies    

Women 18 years or older diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, or primary peritoneal cancer (hereafter referred to as OC).

1. Women with a pathologic diagnosis of OC.
2. Able to provide informed consent.
3. Patients receiving treatment at Mayo Clinic Rochester.

1. Borderline tumor or non-epithelial histology (germ cell tumor, carcinosarcoma, etc.).
2. Other malignancy within the past five years, other than non-melanoma skin cancers that have been completely resected or cervical carcinoma in situ.
3. Already received systemic chemotherapy for OC prior to study entry.

Inclusion Criteria Heart Failure Patients:

• History of Heart Failure with preserved ejection fraction or with reduced ejection fraction
• No history of dangerous arrhythmias
• Body Mass Index less than or equal to 35 kg/m
• Current non-smokers with less than 15 pack year history
• Non-pregnant women
• Individuals who are able to exercise without orthopedic limitations
• All patients will be managed by their primary care physician or cardiologist prior to enrollment to ensure inclusion and exclusion criteria have been satisfied and participation in exercise testing is safe.

Inclusion Criteria Control Participants:

• Will be matched for age, gender, height and weight and will have no history of cardiovascular related abnormalities.
• Body Mass Index less than 35 kg/m
• Current non-smokers with less than 15 pack year history
• Non-pregnant women
• Individuals who are able to exercise without orthopedic limitations

• Patient or legally authorized representative provides written authorization and/or consent per institution and geographical requirements
• Patient has or is intended to receive or be treated with an eligible Medtronic product
• Patient within enrollment window relative to therapy initiation or meets criteria for retrospective enrollment

• Patient who is, or will be, inaccessible for follow-up
• Patient with exclusion criteria required by local law
• Patient is currently enrolled in or plans to enroll in any concurrent drug and/or device study that may confound results

1. Eighteen years of age or older
2. Participation in the PRC program
3. Ability to understand written English to complete standardized measures

1. Cognitive deficits or language difficulties that would invalidate standardized assessment results

• Age 0 or older 
• Females in the second or third trimester of pregnancy.
• Females planning to deliver her infant at Mayo Clinic Rochester.
• Females able and willing to provide informed consent.

• Females unable or unwilling to provide consent for self or infant.
• Females planning to commercially or publically bank infant cord blood.

• Adult patients ≥ 18 years old.
• Patients undergoing a craniotomy for meningioma and brain tumor resection.
• Patients will be identified by Dr. Meyer’s clinical assistant prior to their preoperative appointment.

• Patients under 18 years old.
• Patients who have not undergone a craniotomy for meningioma and brain tumor resection.

Affected subjects, healthy family members, and healthy unrelated subjects will be recruited to the study.  In many cases in data analysis the healthy unrelated subjects will be used as the “control” population

Study subjects will inform their family and friends of this type of research.  If those unaffected individuals would like to participate the study subjects will inform their treating physician or the PI.

• Healthy donors undergoing elective surgery, or healthy volunteers not undergoing a surgical procedure
• Donors greater than or equal to 18 years of age.
• Either gender.
• Must meet all tissue donor eligibility criteria.

• Adults lacking capacity, or unwilling to sign informed consent.
• Any history of therapy or treatment to the abdomen that may affect the fat (i.e., medication injections, Cool Sculpting, other cosmetic procedures, etc.).
• Any history of malignancy or transplant.
• Autoimmune disorders.
• Any antibiotic resistant disease (i.e., MRSA, VRE, etc.).
• Any chronic infections.
• Any immunosuppressive medications or biologics.
• Any long term use of steroid medications.
• Inflammation of adipose tissue.
• Any other significant morbidity that in the opinion of the PI would deem the donor ineligible.

• Hormone Refractory, Metastatic Prostate Cancer, Lung Cancer, and Melanoma or Breast Cancer

• Life expectancy of less than 3 months

• Participated in the original KEEPS trial.
• Able to understand study procedures.
• Willing to sign an authorization of consent in order to participate in this study.

• Women who have contraindications to MRI or PET for safety reasons, such as an MRI-incompatible implant or claustrophobia.

Inclusion Criteria

• Patient must have evidence of a genetic condition or a suspected genomic disorder for which previous testing has not provided a diagnosis, or be a biological family member of such a patient.
• Patient/family member is willing to undergo session(s) with a genetic counselor (GC).
• Patient must understand and provide written informed consent and HIPAA authorization prior to initiation of any study-specific procedures. For a pediatric patient and patient without capacity to consent for him/herself, parents or legal guardians must understand and provide written informed consent and HIPAA authorization prior to initiation of any study-specific procedures.
• Participants of any age are eligible to participate.
• Pregnant women may participate in this research study.Should research results be returned that would have implications for offspring the participant will be offered genetic counseling.

     Exclusion Criteria

• Patient who has an uncontrolled concurrent illness including psychiatric illness, or situations that would limit compliance with the study requirements or the ability to willingly give written informed consent, and who does not have a legal guardian who will take responsibility for ensuring compliance with study requirements and can provide consent on his/her behalf.
• Family member participants will not be eligible for research study if the proband/surrogate declines participation.

Females in age range between 18 and up who have a breast lesion that may or may not be suspicious for breast cancer, and are referred for Radiological investigation. It is anticipated that the majority of these participants will undergo a biopsy (standard of care). The SAVE data collection from each participant will take place before biopsy or at least 2 weeks post biopsy.

No history of mastectomy or implants, or having any condition that does not allow proper use of our imaging devices. Since we are using B-mode images to guide the SAVE data acquisition, we only include patients with masses detectable under ultrasound.

• Suspected channelopathy,
• relative of established channelopathy,
• case of SUD or SIDS

• Those patients who don't otherwise meet the specified inclusion criteria

• Patients with documented LEMS (based on clinical, serologic, and electrodiagnostic criteria) will be asked to participate if they fail to respond to standard therapy with cholinesterase inhibitors. 

.

Subject population - Cardiothoracic transplant patients (pretransplant and follow-up), heart failure patients and patients prior to and on mechanical circulatory support take part in this study.

• Those who have signed informed consent. 

• Those who have not signed informed consent.

1. Appointment for a general health examination , resident of the US or Canada.
2. Mentally competent.
3. Age >18

1. Unable to understand English or unable to complete informed consent form.
2. Prior history of cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer); intraductal papillary mucinous tumors (IPMT), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia (IPMN), islet cell tumor or neuroendocrine cancer, or hereditary, chronic, or acute pancreatitis.

• Patients with documented CMS (based on clinical and electrodiagnostic criteria, and in some cases molecular genetic and microelectrode studies performed on muscle biopsy specimens)

• Patients with benign or malignant tumors of the head and neck area with plans for surgical excision.

• Patients who lack capacity to consent.
• Patients who are not planning on having surgery.
• Failing to meet the above inclusion criteria.
• Refusal to sign consent form.

• Any patient with known or suspected with monoclonal gammopathies who signs consent

• No consent.

Patients with or at risk for HCC, Cholangiocarcinoma or Gallbladder Cancer

Participants from The Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation

Using the Tumor Registry 4 question survey we will contact patients to learn how they are doing

Pediatric participants will be identified from the pediatric gastroenterology and hepatology clinic or recruited by parent/guardian

• Subjects will be recruited from referrals made to staff or the faculty of the Behavioral Neurology Section of the Neurology Department in Rochester and Jacksonville.
• Subjects will be recruited based on the needs of the various projects.
• Subjects will include those with normal cognition, Mild Cognitive Impairment and dementia, such as Alzheimer's Disease, Lewy Body Disease, Fronto-temporal dementia, Corticobasal Syndrome.

• There are no age or gender restrictions.
• No exclusion based on race or ethnicity.

• symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux
• presence of Zenker's diverticulum or cricopharyngeal hypertrophy
• undergoing surgery for Zenker's diverticulum or cricopharyngeal hypertrophy with endoscopic laser cricopharyngeal myotomy
• at least 18 years old

• pregnant women
• children
• prisoners
• adults lacking capacity to consent